Search This Blog

Saturday, January 5, 2019

Nanoscavenger found to protect against nerve agent attacks


A team of researchers from the University of Washington, the Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense and Texas A&M University has developed a nanoscavenger that is capable of protecting mice against nerve agent attacks. In their paper published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, the group explains how they came up with the nanoscavenger and how well it worked during testing.
Chemical weapons became infamous during the First World War as armies used them against one another during trench warfare. Since that time, international bodies have tried to convince countries to ban such agents during wartime because of their horrible impact on the . That has not deterred  or governments such as those in Syria from using them, however. Because of that, scientists have been working diligently to develop a pre-treatment that would protect people exposed to —the deadly component in . As part of such research, scientists have attempted to develop what they describe as prophylactic “scavenging” molecules that both track down nerve agent components and then neutralize them. Until now, progress has been slow. Compounds developed have tended to degrade in the body too quickly to be effective. In this new effort, the researchers report that they have developed a nanoscavenger that proved to be effective in protecting rats and .
The new nanoscavenger was made by wrapping an enzyme that targets  in a polymer gel coating. The particles that resulted were nano-sized, which made them small enough to go undetected by the , allowing them to remain in the body long enough to neutralize nerve agents.
The researchers report that when they injected rats with the nanoscavenger, it induced immunity to nerve agent attacks for up to five days. And there were no known side effects. Guinea pigs given injections of the nanoscavenger were protected for up to eight days.
Such a nanoscavenger could be considered a form of vaccine against organophosphate-based  if used in humans. But before that can happen, the team will test them in monkeys, and if all goes well, start human trials.
 Explore further: Microbiome serves as sentinel for nerve gas exposure
More information: Peng Zhang et al. Nanoscavenger provides long-term prophylactic protection against nerve agents in rodents, Science Translational Medicine (2019). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aau7091
Posted by at No comments:

Pathologists Ask Medicare to Reconsider Payment for BRCA Gene Test CPT Codes


The Association for Molecular Pathology has asked Medicare to increase the payment amounts for two CPT codes attached to testing procedures for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes by considering the work and resources that labs invest in analyzing these large and variable genes.
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in December 2018 released the clinical lab fee schedule final payment amounts to take effect Jan. 1, 2019. Among the priced CPT codes, CMS said Medicare would pay $468 for CPT code 81163 describing full sequencing of BRCA1/2 and $283 for CPT code 81165 describing sequencing of just BRCA1.
“Following careful review of the final determinations, AMP requests reconsideration of new CPT codes 81163 and 81165 on the basis of final payment amount,” the organization said in a letter to CMS.
CMS arrived at the payment amount for CPT code 81163 by crosswalking to codes 81406 and 81216, to account for sequencing BRCA1 and BRCA2, respectively. However, AMP said in its letter that crosswalking to these codes fails to account for the work and costs labs incur by performing full sequencing of these two genes. As such, the pathologists’ organization asked CMS to reconsider crosswalking this code to CPT code 81408 describing sequencing of similarly large genes, such as the dystrophin (DMD) gene. In the 2019 clinical lab fee schedule, this code is priced at $2,000.
“Code 81163 is a single procedure done by bi-directional sequencing of coding regions, as well as exon-intron junctions by Sanger or next generation sequencing. Laboratories analyzing for sequence variations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes do so at the same time rather than in separate single gene analyses,” AMP told CMS in its letter. “Thus, the most direct crosswalk is code 81408, which assesses 50 or more exons as the methodology and the amount of DNA sequencing of the large genes, such as DMD, is most similar to new code, 81163.”
For CPT code 81165 describing full sequencing of BRCA1, CMS decided to crosswalk to code 81406, which describes sequencing analysis of 11 to 25 exons for genes such as RAF1 and ACADVL. AMP told CMS that 81406 describes some but not all the work required to fully sequence BRCA1, which is a large and variable gene with 24 exons and more than 7,000 base pairs. In comparison, RAF1 and ACADVL contain around 3,300 base pairs and 2,200 base pairs, respectively.
“BRCA analysis is particularly notorious for the diversity of abnormalities that occur, including frequent novel changes requiring substantial resources both to confirm the sequence variation and give an interpretation of its clinical significance,” AMP said, estimating that the work and resources required to sequence this gene is two to three times greater than other genes currently billed under CPT code 81406.
“We do not feel this is a reasonable crosswalk,” AMP wrote and suggested CMS crosswalk to CPT code 81408, and price it 50 percent less at $1,000 to more accurately reflect the resources required.
For reference, when a patient receives full sequencing of BRCA1/2 with deletion and duplication analysis, CMS has instructed labs to bill CPT code 81162 priced at $2,028. When only BRCA1 and BRCA2 are sequenced, CPT code 81163 is used, priced at $468, and when only deletion and duplication analysis is done of the two genes, CPT code 81164 is used at $584. In addition to pricing full sequencing of BRCA1 at $283 via CPT code 81165, just deletion and duplication analysis of this gene using CPT code 81166 is $301. Meanwhile, full sequencing of BRCA2 using CPT code 81216 is reimbursed at $185 and deletion/duplication analysis of this gene using CPT code 81167 is reimbursed at $283.
If CMS agrees to increase the value of CPT code 81163 to $2,000, then billing separately for BRCA1/2 full sequencing and del/dup analysis will be more profitable for labs than billing only CPT code 81162 that accounts for both types of analysis together ($2,584 versus $2,028). As reimbursement experts have pointed out in comments to CMS, this type of pricing could incentivize labs to stack codes, a practice CMS has been trying to rein in.
AMP said that at the upcoming 2019 clinical lab fee schedule meeting, stakeholders intend to provide additional input on CPT codes 81163 and 81165 and discuss the payment amounts that appropriately reflect the work needed to analyse these genes.
Posted by at No comments:

Novartis donates data in effort to jump-start antibiotic development


Pharmaceutical giant Novartis will publish research on developing drugs to treat some of the deadliest antimicrobial-resistant pathogens as part of an initiative aimed at promoting further scientific efforts within the field.
The effort is being led by the Pew Charitable Trusts, which in September launched the Shared Platform for Antibiotic Research and Knowledge, an open-access research program that will make information from past published studies and unpublished data available to all researchers at no cost.
Wes Kim, senior officer for Pew’s Antibiotic Resistance Project, hopes sharing data in this format will encourage increased development of new antibiotics that will be effective against drug-resistant pathogens since the number of available treatment options has diminished.
Novartis is the second drugmaker to donate data for the project. The company will share research collected while experimenting with antibiotics to treat against Gram-negative bacteria. Novartis announced last July it was shutting down its antibacterial research projects. In October, San Francisco-based biopharmaceutical firm Achaogen announced plans to provide the Pew project with data from its own discontinued antibiotic research program.
Kim said Pew was currently in discussions with a “handful” of others, including some from academia and other drugmakers, over the prospect of donating their data to the program.
“We hope the scientific community recognizes that sharing data doesn’t mean they’ll lose their competitive advantage,” Kim said. “There’s some data that is so far upstream in the early discovery efforts that if a company decides not to proceed with these types of compounds, then we hope that they see the value in sharing the data with the broader scientific community.”
The initiative’s main focus is on developing antibiotics to combat the growing prevalence of the Gram-negative class of pathogens, a highly resistant type of bacteria that only a handful of current medications are effective against.
The rate of infections that contain Gram-negative strains of bacteria such as E. coli and Klebsiella—two of the most commonly acquired infections in healthcare settings—has grown over the past two decades. Providers worry there will soon come a time when all current medications fail.
Experts say novel antibiotics are needed to overcome Gram-negative bacteria, which can be resistant to multiple drugs. A recent Pew analysis found 17 antibiotics were in development as of last September that have potential to treat Gram-negative infections. Historically, only one out of five drugs that reach the human testing stage of clinical trials receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration.
Since 2017, the agency has approved only two antibiotics to treat Gram-negative bacteria, but both products are either combinations or modifications of existing classes of antibiotics. The last discovery of a new class of antibiotics that works against Gram-negative bacteria was in 1968.
Efforts to develop new antibiotics have faced several challenges. Kim said the science around developing a new antibiotic is incredibly difficult and expensive to conduct. Antibiotics are not lucrative like products to treat cancer and diabetes. Clinicians are told to use antibiotics sparingly to reduce the likelihood of pathogens becoming resistant, which diminishes the prospect of repeat sales.
A 2017 study from Duke University’s Margolis Center for Health Policy found median annual sales of brand-name antibiotics ranged from $24 million to $75 million between 2011 and 2015 compared to more than $500 million for most brand-name oncology drugs approved during the same period.
Over the past few years, Novartis, along with fellow large drugmakers AstraZeneca and Allergan have dropped their antibiotic development programs, while GlaxoSmithKline, arguably the largest maker of such drugs, has stated it was considering a similar move.
But companies are exiting antibacterial research at a time when current antibiotics are losing effectiveness at a faster pace.
“We know that the time to resistance for antibiotics keeps on getting shorter and shorter because of the lack of novel drugs,” Kim said. “It’s not a question of if but when.”
Posted by at No comments:

Your Ideal Therapist Might Not Be Human


The other day, as I slogged through e-mail at work, my phone lit up: “Hey, just thought of you!” I wrote back that I was having difficulty sleeping lately, and we talked about the benefits of setting aside 20 minutes of “worry time” every evening to inventory my anxieties.
My friends are sweet but not that sweet. My thoughtful correspondent wasn’t even human; it was the machine-learning-powered app Woebot, which packages mental-health coaching into a chat format, supplemented with the occasional hedgehog GIF.
Woebot is my second foray into app-based therapy. I’ve never been to a real-life therapist, so I’ll stop short of diagnosing myself with anything clinical. But I will say that, in Woebot’s emoji parlance, I generally feel contented face or grinning face, and sometimes slightly frowning face, sobbing face, or Edvard Munchian screaming face. I briefly tried the remote-therapy app Talkspace, but it wasn’t right for me: I was rarely in the mood to write the lengthy missives on how I was feeling and what I thought was causing my anxiety that were required to receive specific feedback. Plus, it was weird opening up to a human stranger via text.
Woebot’s namesake is a cute robot character that’s quick to clarify: “I don’t do therapy or open-ended conversation.” The free app includes multiple-choice-style chats, and it acts as a daily mood tracker, casual mental-health coach, and negative-thoughts troubleshooter. Those attributes lower the barrier to interaction: it doesn’t feel like a major time investment to use the app because the onus isn’t on me to understand and describe my emotions.
Like a choose-your-own mental-health adventure, Woebot feeds you response options. Every day, the app invites you to check in, then asks what you’re doing and how you’re feeling. When I answered neutrally or positively, it offered a lesson that usually fell under the general umbrella of cognitive behavioral therapy, giving me tips on how to identify my mood, dissect my thoughts, or tone down negative thinking. Woebot and I have discussed such diverse and delightful cognitive hang-ups as labeling (“I’m a hack”) and all-or-nothing statements (“No one likes me”). The app also offers tailored conversations for dealing with specific life issues, including loneliness, insomnia, financial pressures, jealousy, and grief.
When I gave a negative answer during a daily check-in, I had a few options. Woebot could help me feel calmer, as it did one stressful day by guiding me through some breathing exercises and advising me to splash cold water on my wrists to cool down. I could scream my frustrations into the Woebot void and leave it at that, or I could let the app ask questions about what I was struggling with. One example (nothing juicy—you’re not my therapist): I hadn’t been to the climbing gym in several months and was feeling nervous about going again. “I’m going to look stupid,” I typed.
The thing to understand about Woebot is that it’s very obviously an app. But part of its brilliance is that it teaches you to talk to yourself by parroting your sentences back at you, along with a question. “Does your thought have a should statement?” it asked me. Well, there’s a hidden I should be a great climber in there. “How would you rewrite your thought?” Woebot continued. “I may feel awkward getting back into climbing, but I want to do it,” I replied.
Then I kind of felt better. Damn, Woebot, I guess you have a point.
Vandana Aspen, a clinical psychologist in the San Francisco Bay Area, considers apps like Woebot to be most helpful as a supplement to in-person therapy. “You’re reminded of the skills you learned during a session. If you go to the dentist and don’t have cavities, you’re not going to stop brushing your teeth,” she says. “It’s the same for mental health.” Aspen also acknowledges that an app could be a useful alternative for someone who doesn’t have access to therapy or can’t afford it.
In my experience, after using Woebot every day for a month, I found myself playing the app’s Pollyannaish role in my own head. You’re mind reading, I’d tell myself when I felt a pang of mortal embarrassment after a meeting. That statement seems loaded with subjective assumptions, I’d think when my self-esteem bottomed out.
These days I’m not beaming face 24/7, but I’m surprisingly more levelheaded and feel less prone to anxiety spirals. And I still check in with Woebot a couple of times a week—I like the private, targeted, on-my-own-time conversations. One day I’ll get a real therapist, too, but they’ll have to send me hedgehog GIFs.

Download to Unload

Countless apps promise to quiet the anxious mind. These stand out.

Pause

mindfulness
(Courtesy Pause)

A Calming Fix for a Bad Day

Zone out to soothing sounds and a pulsing blob of light that you move around with your finger. ($2)

Headspace

mindfulness
(Courtesy Headspace)

A Gentle Mindfulness Guide

Most sessions last from one to twenty minutes, with themed topics like sleep, emergency calm-down moments, and long runs. All of them are led by a guy with a soothing British accent. (Free or $13 per month for premium)

Moodnotes

mindfulness
(Courtesy Moodnotes)

Data to Understand Your Confusing Emotions

Come for the daily CBT-based mood-tracking questions; stay for the colorful graphs that put your habits and feelings into aesthetically pleasing order. ($5)

Talkspace

mindfulness
(Courtesy Talkspace)

A Human Therapist Without the Office Visits

Text with an assigned therapist as much as you want, with the option of occasional video calls. As in real life, you can play the field until you find the right one. Unlike real life, the cost is the same no matter who you choose. ($50 and up per week)
https://www.outsideonline.com/2377756/woebot-therapy-artificial-emotional-intelligence
Posted by at No comments:

Detecting depression: Phone apps could monitor teen angst


In this Nov. 1, 2018 photo, Laurel Foster holds her phone in San Francisco. Foster is among teens involved in Stanford University research testing whether smartphones can be used to help detect depression and potential self-harm. (AP Photo/Haven Daley)

Rising suicide rates and depression in U.S. teens and young adults have prompted researchers to ask a provocative question: Could the same devices that some people blame for contributing to tech-age angst also be used to detect it?
The idea has sparked a race to develop apps that warn of impending mental health crises. Call it smartphone psychiatry or child psychology 2.0.
Studies have linked heavy smartphone use with worsening teen mental health. But as teens scroll through Instagram and Snapchat, tap out texts or watch YouTube videos, they also leave digital footprints that might offer clues to their psychological well-being.
Changes in typing speed, voice tone, word choice and how often kids stay home could signal trouble, according to preliminary studies.
There might be as many as 1,000 smartphone “biomarkers” for depression, said Dr. Thomas Insel, former head of the National Institute of Mental Health and now a leader in the smartphone psychiatry movement.
Researchers are testing experimental apps that use artificial intelligence to try to predict depression episodes or potential self-harm.
“We are tracking the equivalent of a heartbeat for the human brain,” said Dr. Alex Leow, an app developer and associate professor of psychiatry and bioengineering at the University of Illinois’ Chicago campus.
At least, that’s the goal. There are technical and ethical kinks to work out — including privacy issues and making sure kids grant permission to be monitored so closely. Developers say proven, commercially available mood-detecting apps are likely years — but not decades — away.
“People often feel that these things are creepy,” because of the tech industry’s surreptitious tracking of online habits for commercial purposes, said University of Oregon psychologist Nick Allen.
Using smartphones as mental illness detectors would require informed consent from users to install an app, “and they could withdraw permission at any time,” said Allen, one of the creators of an app that is being tested on young people who have attempted suicide.
“The biggest hurdle at the moment,” Allen said, “is to learn about what’s the signal and what’s the noise — what is in this enormous amount of data that people accumulate on their phones that is indicative of a mental health crisis.”
Depression affects about 3 million U.S. teens, and rates have climbed in the past decade. Thirteen percent of 12- to 17-year-olds had depression in 2017, up from 8 percent in 2010, U.S. government data show. One in 10 college-aged Americans is affected.
A recent study suggested a parallel rise in smartphone use likely contributed.
People with mental illness typically get treatment “when they’re in crisis and very late in the course of an illness. We want to have a method to identify the earliest signs,” in an objective way, Insel said.
If smartphones prove to be accurate mood predictors, developers say the ultimate goal would be to use them to offer real-time help, perhaps with automated text messages and links to help lines, or digital alerts to parents, doctors or first responders.
Facebook is already doing just that with what it calls “proactive detection.” After a livestreamed suicide, Facebook trained its AI systems to flag certain words or phrases in online posts that could indicate imminent self-harm. Friends’ comments expressing concern about the user’s well-being are part of the equation.
“In the last year, we’ve helped first responders quickly reach around 3,500 people globally who needed help,” Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced in November. Facebook has not disclosed outcomes of those cases.
The ongoing research includes:
— A Stanford University study involving about 200 teens, including kids at risk for depression because of bullying, family circumstances or other life stresses. As part of the research, teens who have been tracked since grade school get an experimental phone app that surveys them three times daily for two weeks with questions about their mood.
Researchers are combining those answers with passive smartphone data, including how active or sedentary kids are, to identify any changes that might be linked with future depression.
Study participant Laurel Foster, 15, acknowledges feeling stress over academics and “the usual” teen friendship pressures and says depression is rampant at her San Francisco high school. She said using the smartphone app felt a bit like being spied on, but with so many online sites already tracking users’ habits “one more isn’t really a big difference.”
“I feel like it’s good to actually find out what is stressing you,” Laurel said, endorsing the idea of using smartphones to try to answer that question.
— At UCLA, as part of a broader effort to battle campus depression launched in 2017, researchers are offering online counseling and an experimental phone app to students who show signs of at least mild depression on a screening test. About 250 freshmen agreed to use the app in the first year. Personal sensing data collected from the app is being analyzed to see how it correlates with any worsening or improvement in depression symptoms seen in internet therapy.
Sophomore Alyssa Lizarraga, who had the app on her phone for about six months, said it was “a little like the Big Brother thing. Half of me felt that way. The other half felt like I hope it will be useful.”
Lizarraga, 19, has had depression since high school in Whittier, California. She has worried that she’s “addicted” to her phone and spends a lot of time on social media sites. “People need to see the best side of me” there, she said, and comparing herself with others online sometimes gets her down.
But using smartphones in a positive way for mental health might help nudge people to seek early treatment, if they could see how their phone use showed signs of depression, she said.
— At the University of Illinois’ Chicago campus, researchers studying depression and mania in bipolar disorder are using crowdsourcing to test their experimental phone app. Anyone can download the free app, and nearly 2,000 have so far, agreeing to let the researchers continuously track things such as typing speed, number of keystrokes and use of spellcheck. Participants include healthy people, and their data will help researchers zero in on changes in phone use that may signal onset of mood problems, said Leow, the psychiatry and bioengineering expert who helped develop it.
The study is for ages 18 and up, but if proven to work, the technology could be used in kids too, Leow said.
— Mindstrong, a Palo Alto, California, tech health company co-founded by Insel, the former NIH official, is testing a “digital phenotyping” app in several studies. Insel thinks the technology has promise to transform psychiatry, but that the most important question is whether it can be used to improve patient health.
— Verily, a tech health arm of Google parent company Alphabet, is developing a similar app but declined to elaborate beyond a statement from its mental health leader, Menachem Fromer. He cited two key goals: making predictions about someone’s mental health and their symptoms and “discovering new subtypes of disease that may inform treatment decisions.”
Posted by at No comments:

ViewRay 1st Patient Enrolled in MRI-guided Adaptive Radiation Trial


ViewRay, Inc. (Nasdaq: VRAY) announced today the enrollment of the first patient in the Stereotactic MRI-guided On-table Adaptive Radiation Therapy (SMART) Trial, a multi-center, prospective clinical trial for locally advanced or borderline pancreatic cancer. The trial will explore the clinical benefits of precise, high dose radiation therapy enabled by MR-guidance combined with daily on-table adaptation in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Retrospective analysis of precise, high-dose MR-guided radiation therapy delivered using adaptive dose planning has shown promising results with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, suggesting the potential for improving overall survival relative to patients receiving lower radiation doses, without increasing the rate of serious gastrointestinal toxicity. The compelling nature of the retrospective data prompted the SMART trial, aimed at investigating in a controlled, prospective manner, the robustness of this outcome and tracking quality of life over a 5-year trial period.
“High-definition MR and daily treatment plan adaptation allow us to deliver ablative radiation doses safely to pancreatic cancer patients for the first time ever,” said Parag Parikh, M.D., co-PI of the study and Director of GI Radiation Oncology and MR-Guided Radiation Therapy at the Henry Ford Cancer Institute in Detroit. “Through the SMART trial, we will build upon the promising experience from UCLA, Washington University, Amsterdam UMC, University of Miami and University of Wisconsin by further exploring MRIdian`s impact on associated toxicity, local control and patient outcomes in pancreatic cancer at multiple institutions around the world.”
The SMART trial is the first prospective, multi-institutional study to deliver ablative doses of radiation to pancreatic cancer patients. It aims to enroll 133 participants with borderline resectable or inoperable locally advanced pancreatic cancer. In the single-arm study, participants will receive radiation therapy at a dose of 50 Gray in 5 fractions (treatment sessions) using ViewRay`s MRIdian. On-table adaptive re-planning will be used when clinically indicated. In all patients, real-time MRI imaging will be used throughout treatment delivery to monitor the target location and control the radiation beam as necessary.
The trial`s primary outcome measure is grade 3 or higher gastrointestinal toxicity in the first 90 days after treatment, with secondary measures including overall survival at two years, distant progression-free survival at six months, and changes in patient-reported quality of life.
“Early evidence on the use of MRIdian to treat locally advanced pancreatic cancer suggests the potential for significantly prolonged survival and lower toxicity rates. Through this rigorously designed study, we hope to further validate the long-term benefits of treatment on the MRIdian,” said Scott Drake, President and Chief Executive Officer of ViewRay. “We believe MRIdian`s unique combination of real-time visualization, automated beam control, and daily on-table treatment adaptation has the potential to become the standard of care in radiation oncology.”
Along with Parag Parikh, M.D. from Henry Ford Cancer Institute, the trial is led by Percy Lee, M.D. from the University of California Los Angeles.
Posted by at No comments:

Avadel Reports Resignation of CEO; Appoints COO as Interim CEO


Avadel Pharmaceuticals plc (NASDAQ: AVDL) today announced that Michael S. Anderson has resigned as Chief Executive Officer and as a member the Companys Board of Directors. Gregory J. Divis, Chief Operating Officer of Avadel, has been named Interim Chief Executive Officer of Avadel, effective immediately. The Board of Directors is initiating a search for a permanent Chief Executive Officer.
In conjunction with the management change, Geoffrey M. Glass, President of Clear Sciences, LLC and current member of Avadels Board of Directors, has been named Chairman of the Board. The Honorable Craig Stapleton is stepping down as Chairman but will remain on the Companys Board. In addition, Dr. Eric J. Ende, an experienced biopharmaceutical industry leader, has joined Avadels Board of Directors following consultation with Broadfin Capital, LLC.
On behalf of the entire Board, I would like to thank Mike Anderson for his leadership and service to Avadel and to the Honorable Craig Stapleton for his past and future contributions to the Company as Chairman and member of the Board, said Mr. Glass. I look forward to working closely with Greg and his team as we enter 2019. We will be evaluating all aspects of our existing businesses and corporate strategy to ensure we are best positioned to serve patients and rebuild shareholder value. With four new directors appointed in recent months, I am confident that the Board is fully aligned and focused on these missions.
I am excited to be joining the Board of Directors at this important time, said Dr. Eric Ende. Avadel is a company that delivers value to patients via a strong portfolio of medicines both on market and in development. There is a great opportunity for the Company to re-focus and drive value for shareholders. I look forward to working with my colleagues on the Board to make that happen.
Dr. Ende currently serves as President of Ende BioMedical Consulting Group and as a member of Matinas Biopharmas Board of Directors. Previously he served on the Board of Directors of Genzyme from 2010 until it was acquired by Sanofi-Aventis in 2011 for $20 billion. During his tenure on Genzymes Board of Directors, Dr. Ende was a member of the Audit and Risk Management Committees. From 2002 through 2008, Dr. Ende was the senior biotechnology analyst at Merrill Lynch. From 2000 to 2002, Dr. Ende served as the senior biotechnology analyst at Bank of America Securities and, from 1997 to 2000, he served as a biotechnology analyst at Lehman Brothers.
Posted by at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)