'California advances first-in-nation plan to set water budgets for cities statewide'

 California officials have approved a first-of-its-kind regulation that will set long-term limits on the amounts of water the state’s urban utilities can use on an annual basis.

The State Water Resources Control Board granted unanimous support Wednesday to sweeping conservation measures that are expected to generate about 500,000 acre-feet in water savings each year by 2040.

The quantity conserved is enough to quench the thirst of more than 1.4 million households on an annual basis, according to the Water Board.

The regulation requires the state’s largest suppliers to calculate individual water budgets based on residential indoor and outdoor water use, as well as on commercial, industrial and institutional landscape consumption — monitored via dedicated irrigation meters.

The new rules, which must still receive the final approval of the Office of Administrative Law, are the result of multiple bills passed by the California state Legislature in 2018. 

“We have now formalized water conservation as a way of life,” Joaquin Esquivel, chair of the Water Board, said in a statement. “The result balances saving water with making sure that suppliers have the flexibility they need to tailor their conservation strategies to local needs and climate.”

The resultant budgets, known as “urban water use objectives,” will require compliance beginning in 2027 — and will feature incremental increases in stringency through 2040, per the board.

Water suppliers will be able to adjust their conservation efforts to match their local needs, using tools like outreach, education, leak detection, rebates and the installation of efficient appliances.

The regulation is expected to apply to 405 urban suppliers, which collectively provide water to about 95 percent of California’s population, according to an analysis produced by the Water Board.

Through the resultant conservation measures, utilities are expected to save $6.2 billion from 2025 through 2050, while incurring $4.7 billion in costs, per the analysis. During that same period, the Water Board forecasted total cumulative water savings of about 3.9 million acre-feet.

To meet individual budgetary goals, some of the lower water consumers among the 405 suppliers, such as San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, will not have to make any changes to current consumption practices.

On the other hand, the city of Atwater — located in the San Joaquin Valley agricultural hub — may face reductions of up to 58 percent, according to provisional data issued by the Water Board.

Violations of the regulations will cost cities up to $10,000 for each day in which a breach occurs, per the text of the 2018 legislation.

Water savings from the newly approved regulations are significantly lower than those that appeared in earlier renditions of the rules, which prompted widespread backlash among suppliers.

Nonetheless, California officials touted the measures as much-needed, strategic tools capable of cementing the state’s water security.

“Reaching this milestone goes beyond adopting the first-ever conservation regulation that uses a water budget,” Yana Garcia, California secretary for environmental protection, said in a statement.

“It’s a definitive step toward ensuring California’s long-term resilience to the hotter, drier climate we all are experiencing,” Garcia added.

https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/4756795-california-advances-urban-water-use-regulation/

'How the IRS is using a bigger budget - and more 'swagger' - to audit more rich taxpayers'

 Longtime tax avoiders are realizing they had taken 'false comfort' in thinking they weren't on the IRS's radar

Anyone on the receiving end of an IRS audit will say there's never a good time to open up the books for Uncle Sam's revenue agents.

That's never felt more true, say people who've witnessed the Internal Revenue Service in action recently.

IRS auditors have more questions, more staff and are acting more assertive, according to lawyers and accountants who advise very upscale clients on taxes.

In 2022's Inflation Reduction Act, the IRS landed billions of dollars in funding over a decade to make sure rich households, partnerships and corporations were paying all of their owed taxes. The funding was intended to revive sagging audit rates at an agency that's been slowly sapped of money and people over the past decade.

Since then, the agency has been publicizing its efforts to collect back taxes from delinquent millionaires and to rake in tax returns that millionaires failed to file.

The IRS has also talked about combing through corporate-jet records and using artificial intelligence to spot tax returns worth scrutiny. Most recently, the agency announced an effort to stop a "shell game" that large, complex partnerships allegedly use to churn up tax deductions.

Now, tax professionals are seeing that talk turn into action.

"Right after the Inflation Reduction Act was passed, I started seeing increased swagger, for lack of a better word. For a while, it seemed like just swagger," said Robert Kovacev, a member at the law firm Miller & Chevalier. His clients include corporations, partnerships and ultrarich families worth between millions and billions of dollars.

"For the first time really now, I'm starting to see the effects of the funding," he told MarketWatch.

The "swagger" that Kovacev sees now is displayed in the extra questions he has to field from the IRS, increasingly on topics that weren't part of an audit's starting scope.

Before the Inflation Reduction Act, Kovacev said the IRS was already viewing high-net-worth families as economic "enterprises" with a sprawling financial footprint where tax noncompliance could sprout in all sorts of ways.

A family's trusts, companies, partnership interests and charitable-giving tactics might all be places where auditors could poke and prod. "But without the resources they needed, there was only so much they could do," he said.

Now he sees IRS agents ready to veer farther and farther from the audit's beginning focus. "It was kind of rare if you had an exam team color outside of the lines," Kovacev said. "You can't make that assumption anymore."

IRS agents combing through a massive tax return have "an infinite number of avenues [they] can follow, but can't follow all of them," Kovacev noted. "Sometimes you find things worth exploring, but you let go. They are starting not to let those go so quickly."

IRS auditors are digging deeper

Niles Elber, a partner at law firm Caplin & Drysdale, said IRS auditors seem willing to dig deeper these days. "I might describe it as eagerness," he said. There are millions of dollars hanging in the balance in the tax cases he handles.

"I've been doing this a long time now," Elber said. "When I first started, the agents I worked with usually concentrated on the most important things or the most important issues, usually with the most significant financial impact. And other things that were less significant were pushed by the wayside as a means of economizing. I'm not sure I see that now. Now, we're going to drill down on everything."

The IRS isn't 'outgunned' anymore

After years of budget cuts and shrinking staff, the IRS had been falling behind on its high-level enforcement, IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel said at a recent tax conference. In 2021, his predecessor, Charles Rettig, said the agency was getting "out-gunned."

That's changing now, but it's "a long process," Werfel said.

"[W]e have to have the patience to be playing the long game," according to Werfel, who occasionally refers to complex audits as a chess game.

"So many of the taxpayers at this end of the spectrum are doing the right thing and playing by the rules. But there are a material number of taxpayers that are not," he said.

Republicans fear the IRS will run roughshod over taxpayers

While debates heat up on the future of tax laws and tax revenue to fill a gaping federal budget deficit, it's important to understand what the IRS is doing to try to extract more money through existing laws. It's also important to remember that a stronger audit flex from a more muscular IRS has its critics.

The Inflation Reduction Act passed in a Democratic-controlled Congress without any Republican votes in support. The law awarded $80 billion to the IRS over a decade to replenish its ranks and upgrade operations. More than half of the sum was earmarked for tighter tax enforcement.

The IRS plans to boost audits on taxpayers worth at least $400,000 under a Treasury Department directive that came days before President Joe Biden signed the bill into law. Below the $400,000 mark, the IRS will not use the extra funding to increase audit rates from historical levels, the directive said. Specifically, the benchmark is the audit rates on 2018 returns, Werfel has said.

The enforcement money has been a flash point for Republicans, who have successfully negotiated just over $20 billion out of the Inflation Reduction Act funding.

Republicans say they don't want an IRS that runs roughshod over taxpayers. Many aren't convinced that the agency really will confine its attention to wealthier earners. Democrats counter that Republicans just want to take the heat off well-heeled tax cheats.

The fight over the IRS budget continues, with House Republicans looking to reduce enforcement-related money in the upcoming budget year.

'The breeze before the storm'

With the IRS stepping up enforcement on upper-income taxpayers, Michael Sardar, a partner handling tax disputes at the law firm Kostelanetz, is already getting calls from crypto investors who may have underreported their gains to the IRS, longtime nonfilers (meaning people who have repeatedly failed to file tax returns) and others worried they might be in the agency's crosshairs.

They're asking how to get their taxes in order and come clean with the tax agency before IRS notices arrive and make their tax situation worse, he said.

It's not quite right to call this period "the calm before the storm," according to Sardar. There's a better way to describe the moment, he said: "The breeze before the storm."

More IRS staff means more questions to answer during audits

What does that storm feel like to the people who are either getting audited, or are worried about it?

Around the Inflation Reduction Act's passage, one assertion from GOP critics was that the IRS would be hiring a new phalanx of aggressive auditors. Overall, the agency now has nearly 90,000 full-time equivalent employees, up from 79,000 in fiscal year 2022, thanks to the new funding. Almost 9,100 of those are revenue agents - the employees who conduct audits.

The plan is to bring the IRS's head count for its entire staff to 102,500 in fiscal year 2029, Werfel said last month, noting that's still under the IRS's head count in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The agency's hiring goal "should lay to rest any lingering myth about a super-sized IRS," he said at the time.

Still, a common refrain about high-end IRS audits these days is that there are more people involved - and having more people means answering more questions.

Elber used to work with one or two IRS agents during an audit, with one being the lead agent and the other serving as a specialist or supervisor.

Now, the exam teams can have up to eight people, he said. He's also noticed a new feature: recurring conference calls for updates on the audit. "Across the board, they are pushing hard now. They are moving cases along with deliberate speed," Elber said.

Once a tax return is filed, the IRS says it generally has three years to assess extra tax. It may go back further if auditors uncover a glaring error, but it says it typically doesn't look back any further than six years. The exam concludes with an IRS recommendation on how much more money the taxpayer owes the government.

The agency may not necessarily suggest an adjustment, but says it tries to minimize these "no-change" audits that bog down taxpayers who have followed the rules.

If the IRS and the taxpayer can't agree on the size of the extra bill, the process can move to the IRS Independent Office of Appeals or an array of federal courts.

IRS is reaching for new audit goals

The tax agency is trying to make 2026 a milestone. When tax returns are filed for that year, the IRS wants to be auditing 16.5% of households with a total positive income of at least $10 million, up from 11%.

In 2020, the Trump administration's Treasury Department directed the IRS to audit at least 8% of taxpayers worth $10 million. The IRS kept up with that goal in returns filed for 2018, 2019 and 2020, a recent Treasury watchdog report found.

But the IRS said it isn't following the 2020 directive anymore because it views the goal as out of date, the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration report said.

When it comes to corporate income-tax returns filed for 2026, the IRS plans to examine more than 22% of tax returns for corporations with assets of at least $250 million.

By then, it plans to audit 1% of partnership returns with at least $10 million in assets. The IRS already said it's launching 76 audits of lucrative partnerships, including certain law firms, hedge funds and real-estate investment trusts.

https://www.morningstar.com/news/marketwatch/20240705299/how-the-irs-is-using-a-bigger-budget-and-more-swagger-to-audit-more-rich-taxpayers-they-are-pushing-hard-now

California to Ask Voters for $20 Billion for Climate and Schools

 

• Two $10 billion bond measures passed before July 3 deadline
• Voters weigh if state should add debt amid budget troubles

Voters in California this November will get a chance to decide if the state should borrow another $20 billion from Wall Street.

Lawmakers this week approved placing two bond measures on the Nov. 5 ballot, one asking for $10 billion for school construction and another $10 billion to finance climate change infrastructure. They will join eight other ballot measures on topics such as same sex marriage, rent control and crime.

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-05/california-to-ask-voters-for-20-billion-for-climate-and-schools

Suspected Chinese Spy Bases In Cuba Have Undergone Expansion

 By Frank Fang of Epoch Times

Cuba has upgraded and expanded four electronic surveillance facilities, including one near the Guantanamo Bay naval base, amid growing concern about China’s spying efforts in the United States’ backyard, according to a new report from the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS).

“While China’s activities on the island remain shrouded in secrecy, satellite imagery analyzed by CSIS provides the latest and most comprehensive assessment of where China is most likely operating,” the report reads.

The report pointed to four active sites at Bejucal, El Salao, Wajay, and Calabazar. It added that the four locations are “strategically located” and are “among the most likely locations supporting China’s efforts to spy on the United States.”

In June 2023, the White House confirmed that China has been operating a spy base in Cuba since at least 2019. In the same month, the State Department warned that the Chinese regime will “keep trying to enhance its presence in Cuba,” and the United States “will keep working to disrupt it.”

China’s surveillance activities in Cuba are a grave national security concern for the United States, given that Florida is home to numerous U.S. military bases, including the headquarters of the U.S. Central Command and the U.S. Southern Command, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, and Eglin Air Force Base.

“Collecting data on activities like military exercises, missile tests, rocket launches, and submarine maneuvers would allow China to develop a more sophisticated picture of U.S. military practices,” the report reads.

Facilities

The facility near the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo Bay has not previously been publicly reported, the report stated. It is located east of the city of Santiago de Cuba near a neighborhood called El Salao.

The El Salao facility, under construction since 2021, appears to be a circularly disposed antenna array (CDAA) with an estimated diameter of 130 to 200 meters (about 425 to 655 feet), according to the report. CDAAs of that size could track and determine the origin and direction of high-frequency signals coming from 3,000 to 8,000 nautical miles away, the report added.

“Once operational, this CDAA will serve as a powerful tool for enhancing air and maritime domain awareness in the region, where the U.S. military and its international partners operate regularly,” the report reads.

If China had access to the El Salao facility, CSIS noted Beijing would obtain a “highly strategic point” near the Guantanamo Bay naval base.

The report added that China has been building new CDAAs on its militarized outpost on Mischief Reef and Subi Reef in the South China Sea.

The facilities in Bejucal, Wajay, and Calabazar are all near Cuba’s capital Havana, according to the report.

The Bejucal facility is Cuba’s largest active signals intelligence collection site, the report said, and added that it has been connected to suspected Chinese intelligence activities for decades.

Based on satellite images from March 2024, CSIS concluded that the Bejucal facility has “undergone major updates” in the past decade, signaling “a clear indication of an evolving mission set.”

The report also pointed to the “growth of space-monitoring equipment” at Bejucal and Calabazar, meaning that these two facilities are “likely intended to monitor” space-active countries, like the United States.

The Wajay facility has also expanded in the past 20 years, going from one antenna and several small buildings in 2002, to 12 antennas of various sizes and orientations and a “robust complex,” according to the report. CSIS said that there have been unsubstantiated rumors that China “played a role in either the [Wajay] site’s construction or its modernization.”

“Even if China does not have direct access to facilities there, the data collected by Cuban counterparts could be readily shared with Beijing,” the report reads, noting that two U.S. blacklisted Chinese tech firms, Huawei and ZTE, make up “the backbone of Cuba’s telecommunications infrastructure.”

Responses

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Cuba’s ruling Communist Party have deepened their ties over the years.

In 2021, the two countries signed a cooperation plan to push forward construction projects under China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). According to the State Department, China’s BRI “preys on other countries via unsustainable and corrupt lending while ignoring global labor and environmental standards.”

In February, the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence released a report naming Cuba as one of several countries that China is reportedly considering setting up military installations.

He Weidong, vice chairman of China’s top military body, the Central Military Commission (CMC), met with Cuban General Víctor Rojo Ramos, in China’s capital in April. According to China’s official military news website, the two talked about how China and Cuba enjoyed an “unbreakable friendship” and should support each other’s “core interests.”

The Biden administration and some Republican lawmakers from Florida have responded to CSIS’s findings.

https://www.zerohedge.com/markets/suspected-chinese-spy-bases-cuba-have-undergone-expansion

UK’s new foreign secretary once called Trump ‘a neo-Nazi-sympathizing sociopath’

 

AP Photo/Thomas Krych

Incoming Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs David Lammy arrives at Downing Street in London, Friday, July 5, 2024. Britain’s Labour Party swept to power Friday after more than a decade in opposition, as a jaded electorate handed the party a landslide victory, but also a mammoth task of reinvigorating a stagnant economy and dispirited nation.

The United Kingdom’s newly appointed foreign secretary for the Labour Party called then-President Trump a “neo-Nazi-sympathizing sociopath” in a 2018 opinion piece for Time magazine.

David Lammy, a Labour lawmaker from Tottenham, was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs on Friday following Labour’s victory in parliamentary elections. 

He has previously addressed his 2018 criticism of Trump and pledged to work with the former president if he is elected in November. In May, as shadow foreign secretary, he met in Washington with Sen. JD Vance (R-Ohio), a close Trump ally and potential vice presidential pick.

“It doesn’t matter who is in No. 10 — you work with the United States,” Lammy said in an interview with Sky News in January, referring to the U.K. prime minister’s residence, which Labour head Keir Starmer entered Friday. 

Lammy added that he would work to counter criticisms by Trump and other Republican lawmakers against NATO and support for Ukraine, saying part of the job of foreign minister is “also to try and persuade and use your influence.”

The 2018 Time article was published ahead of Trump’s first visit to the U.K., and Lammy committed to be one of “tens of thousands on the streets, protesting against our government’s capitulation to this tyrant in a toupee.”

“Trump is not only a woman-hating, neo-Nazi-sympathizing sociopath. He is also a profound threat to the international order that has been the foundation of Western progress for so long,” he wrote in Time. “It is because I cherish and champion those values that this Friday, I will march with London against Donald Trump.”

Lammy criticized Trump as slandering and insulting London for political benefit, and that “Trump has barely concealed his racist attacks on the U.K.”

Lammy is described as an outspoken and prominent advocate for social justice and minority issues. He is described as the “first black Briton to study at Harvard Law School” and wrote a 2020 book exploring his African heritage.

https://thehill.com/policy/international/4756556-uk-election-labour-foreign-secretary-david-lammy-trump-nazi/

Why abortion isn’t the winning issue Democrats think it is in 2024

 In addition to President Biden’s disqualifying mental decline and horrific approval ratings, Democrats have another problem: They are losing their advantage on the issue of abortion.

In the 2022 midterms and again this year, Democratic strategists and politicians have banked on young women, especially, turning out on Election Day to vote in favor of abortion rights. Anger about the Supreme Court’s overturning of Roe v Wade fueled a better-than-expected performance by Democrats two years ago. Despite low approval ratings for Joe Biden and unhappiness with the direction of the country (most particularly with sky-high inflation cutting into real wages), Republicans failed to take back control of the Senate and barely took over the House of Representatives, winning by only a few seats. The long-anticipated “red wave” never materialized; voters punished the GOP for upending the long-established right to an abortion. 

Coming into this year, with the Oval Office up for grabs, Democrats wanted again to focus on abortion and blame Donald Trump. He appointed justices Neil Gorsuch, Amy Coney Barrett and Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court, establishing a conservative majority that overturned Roe v Wade.  

Biden’s party planned to run on “Dobbs and democracy,” referring to the landmark case Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which abolished abortion rights. They intended to craft their campaign around reestablishing those rights, as well as defending American democracy against Trump. The pro-abortion push, however, is losing steam. 

A recent Rasmussen poll indicates that in a recent survey of 1,080 likely voters, “45% of respondents trust Democrats more to handle abortion, while 43% trust Republicans more.” That narrow 2-point advantage is within the margin of error (+/- 3 percent), and down from a 4-point lead in January. Last November, Democrats held a commanding 11-point advantage.  

How can that be? Voters may be reacting to Republican charges that Biden’s party holds an extreme position on abortion, condoning terminating a pregnancy at any point up to birth. Democrats routinely deny that this is their stance, but the 2019 law passed in New York State and a bill approved by 49 Democratic senators in 2022 prove otherwise. 

The legislation passed by Senate Democrats allows abortion up through nine months of pregnancy if, “in the good-faith medical judgment of the treating health care provider, continuation of the pregnancy would pose a risk to the pregnant patient’s life or health.”  The bill does not specify what that risk might be; in theory, if a woman in her eighth month claims that having a baby might lead to severe depression, she can demand an abortion, even if the fetus were viable outside the womb.  

Also, she need not get approval from a doctor; the heath care provider can be a “physician, certified nurse-midwife, nurse practitioner [or] physician assistant.” This proposal mimicked the New York bill, which elicited from Cardinal Timothy Dolan a brutal op-ed describing how the “grisly legislation … eliminates legal penalties on abortionists who allow an aborted baby, who somehow survives the scalpel, vacuum and dismemberment, to die.”  

To be sure, the GOP has also offended voters by, in some instances, taking an extreme position on the issue. Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis likely torpedoed his chances of becoming Donald Trump’s running mate by signing into law a six-week ban on abortions in his state in 2023. Since many women do not even know they are pregnant at six weeks, such a position is untenable. DeSantis made that wrong-headed decision in an effort to boost his conservative credentials and improve his chances in the GOP primary for president.   

Polling on abortion has consistently shown that the majority of the country wants the procedure to be legal, within limits. Democrats’ refusal to set reasonable — or any — limits may be tempering their advantage on this issue. Recent Gallup polling shows a marked drop in the number of Americans who want to completely ban all abortions, while the number who endorse abortion “under any circumstances” has moved higher. Even so, half the country wants some restrictions. It is possible to read various polls as suggesting that the U.S. is reaching consensus on this very personal and important issue, and that the extremes of both parties are out of favor.

A poll by McLaughlin & Associates reveals that 54 percent of voters consider themselves pro-choice, while only 40 percent describe themselves as pro-life. But only 22 percent of all respondents say abortion should be legal for “any reason/any time.” Moreover, a clear majority says the procedure should be illegal after 15 weeks. That’s where the country is.  

Recognizing the majority’s views on abortion, and the results of several referendums in red states, presumptive GOP nominee Donald Trump has adopted a middle-of-the-road position, agreeing with the Supreme Court’s ruling that it should be left up to the states. That doesn’t mean that Democrats won’t continue to paint Republicans as extremists on abortion, however.  

Recently, Vice President Kamala Harris posted on X that, if elected, Trump would “ban abortions nationwide.” She was reprimanded by a “community note” reporting, with numerous corroborating citations, that “President Trump has repeatedly said he will not sign a national abortion ban.” X owner Elon Musk slammed Harris, posting, “When will politicians, or at least the intern who runs their account, learn that lying on this platform doesn’t work anymore?”  

The country is perhaps becoming more confident that abortion rights will be upheld state by state. In deep-red Kansas and other GOP-led states like Ohio, voters have favored the right to choose. Having abortion on the ballot in certain swing states like Arizona and Nevada may help turn out young voters in November, but the issue is not as potent as it was two years ago. For all groups, including young people, the economy and inflation — issues that Republicans have a sizeable advantage on — top other concerns.  

Liz Peek is a former partner of major bracket Wall Street firm Wertheim and Company.    

https://thehill.com/opinion/campaign/4755429-democrats-abortion-politics-2024/

TIL Therapy May Offer Novel Approach for Metastatic Lung Cancer

 Treatment with the autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) cell therapy lifileucel (Amtagvi) for pretreated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer was feasible, had a manageable safety profile, and induced responses, including in patients with profiles typically resistant to immunotherapy, according to findings from a small phase II trial.

Findings from the study, IOV-COM-202opens in a new tab or window, were presented at the recent American Society of Clinical Oncologyopens in a new tab or window meeting and published in Cancer Discoveryopens in a new tab or window.

In this exclusive MedPage Today video, Kai He, MD, PhD, of the Ohio State University in Columbus, discusses the background and takeaway from the study.

Following is a transcript of his remarks:

For the study COM-202 3B cohort -- so that was TIL therapy, namely tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy -- sponsored by Iovance to test this drug in a phase II study, multicenter, in immunotherapy refractory/resistant stage IV non-small cell lung cancer population.

It's feasible and safe to deliver centrally-manufactured TIL cell product and deliver globally to multiple cancer centers and to treat the patient. The treatment is feasible, the safety profile is manageable, and we also demonstrate encouraging anti-tumor activity. More than 20% of the patients have either partial response or complete response, and we also observed long-sustained complete response in patients. And we also observed a response in patients with a general signature resistant [to] immunotherapy, for example, low tumor mutation burden, negative PD-L1, or with STK11 mutation.

I think overall, the safety profile is as expected and manageable because there's associated lymphodepletion and the cell infusion and [interleukin-2] treatment. I think the chemo-related bone marrow suppression is part of the manageable toxicity. Surprisingly, cytokine release syndrome was not obvious in this patient population. It's very encouraging.

The takeaway message is we know tumor-infiltrating therapy is approved in metastatic melanoma. That was the first ever cell therapy treatment in solid tumor, and currently we are expanding the utility of this novel immunotherapy into a lung cancer population. It is a very large population and with a huge unmatched medical need [for] how to treat stage IV non-small cell lung cancer [that progresses after] previous immunotherapy. So this new cell therapy with a TIL actually provides a very encouraging and novel approach to treat this patient population and the further study is ongoing.

https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/ascovideopearlsnsclc/110965