Based on studies showing in vitro antiviral activity of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on SARS-CoV-2 [1],
Belgian COVID interim guidelines rapidly (March 13th, 2020) recommended
treating hospitalized patients suffering from severe COVID-19 with HCQ,
400 mg bid the first day followed by 200 mg bid for 4 additional days
(for GFR > 30 ml/min).
Despite some encouraging preliminary clinical data [2,3], major concerns have been raised about the use of HCQ to treat COVID-19 [5], particularly regarding potential cardiac toxicity (i.e. QTc increase and risk of torsade de pointe). Because HCQ has been safely used for many years for various indications (e.a. connective tissue diseases) [6],
we decided to follow interim Belgian guidance for all eligible patients
hospitalized in our COVID-19 wards. Moreover, we decided to add
azithromycin (AZM), 500 mg Id for 3 days, for selected patients, based
on our knowledge of its antibiotic, immunomodulatory and possible
antiviral actions [3].
Between March 8 and April 15, 2020, a total of 114
patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia were hospitalized in our
dedicated units. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
The mean age was 63 years and men represented 55.3%. A vast majority
(n = 104) presented with severe disease and half (n = 59) had
cardiovascular disease history. Other comorbidities are listed in Table 1.
HCQ was administered to 107 patients after QTc evaluation by
electrocardiogram (ECG). HCQ was avoided in patients under palliative
care (n = 4), if QTc was over 500 msec (n = 1), and if patients had
received prior treatment with CQ (n = 2). Mean initial QTc was 429 msec
(Bazett formula used for correction). Biochemistry was followed on a
regular basis, and ionic disturbances (hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) were
treated by supplementation if present. Repeat ECG was not
systematically performed during HCQ treatment, except in case of
drug-drug interaction which could potentially increase QTc (see foot
note of Table 1).
The main drug-drug interaction was driven by addition of AZM (n = 28).
In this group, QTc was controlled at day 2 of combination therapy
(n = 24). We observed a significant increase in mean QTc, from 418 to
433 msec (p < 0,01 with paired t-test), but none of the patients showed a QTc over 500 msec.
Table 1. Characteristics of patients.
| No. Patients | 114 |
|---|---|
| Age, mean [range], years | 63 [19–95] |
| Sex Male (%) Female (%) |
63 (55.3) 51 (44.7) |
| Patients with comorbidities (%) None Cardiovascular disease Hypertension COPD Diabetes Immunosuppression |
29 (25,4%) 59 (51,8%) 56 (49,1%) 17 (14,9%) 25 (21,9%) 17 (14,9%) |
| O2 sat. on admission. while breathing ambient air, mean [range], % | 90,1 [55–99] |
| Clinical presentationa (%) Mild disease Moderate disease Severe disease |
0 (0%) 10 (8,8%) 104 (91,2%) |
| HCQ (%) | 107 (93.8) |
| ECG pretreatment (% of HCQ) | 100 (93.4) |
| QTc initial, mean [range] msec | 429 [342–493] |
| Drug-drug interaction (% of HCQ) Azithromycin Otherb |
34 (31.8) 28 (26.2) 6 (5.6) |
| ECG CTRL at day 2 (% of patient w. drug-drug interaction) Azithromycin Other |
27 (79.4) 24 (70.5) 3 (8.8) |
- a
-
“Mild disease” was define as symptoms of upper respiratory infection (fever, fatigue, myalgia, cough, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing) or digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea); “moderate” as clinical (fever and cough) and radiological pneumonia (infiltrates) without hypoxemia; “severe” as clinical and radiological pneumonia with hypoxemia (O2 saturation < 93%).
- b
-
Other consisted in escitalopram, citalopram, fluconazole, valproate, mirtazapine and olanzapine.
Furthermore, in our entire cohort there were no sudden
deaths nor syncope requiring resuscitation or ICU admission. All ICU
admissions (n = 13) were linked to respiratory failure resulting from
COVID-19 pneumonia. One patient on HCQ presented AV nodal reentry
tachycardia in parallel with respiratory failure, and was successfully
treated with adenosine. All deaths in our cohort (n = 12) were
attributed to COVID-19 infection.
In conclusion, based on our clinical experience, no safety
issues were encountered with the use of HCQ for the treatment of
COVID-19. In coherence with recent data published here (7), its
association with AZM also seems to be safe, despite a significant
increase of QTc that should be carefully monitored. The efficacy of HCQ
and its combination with azithromycin on COVID-19 infection needs, of
course, to be strengthened with further evidence from large randomized
clinical trials. However, at this point of the COVID-19 pandemic, we
find it relevant to share our clinical experience with this well-known,
readily available compound (HCQ) which has limited contraindications and
may help in the fight against this outbreak.
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