In a Perspective piece published in the journal Science, a
small international team of researchers is suggesting that the oral
polio vaccine be tested to see if it might protect people from infection
by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In their paper, Konstantin Chumakov, Christine
Benn, Peter Aaby, Shyamasundaran Kottili and Robert Gallo suggest the
vaccine has been found to provide some protection against other viral
infections, and point out that it has been proven to be safe over many
years.
Polio vaccines are, of course, vaccines that are used to prevent
poliomyelitis infections. They have been in use since the 1950s. Polio
vaccines come in two varieties: inactivated (administered by injection)
and weakened (administered orally). Together, the two vaccines have
nearly eradicated polio. They have also been found to confer some degree
of immunity against other types of infections, both bacterial and
viral. In their paper, the researchers argue for testing to see if the oral (weakened) vaccine might prove effective in preventing COVID-19 infections.
They confer some degree of immunity against other infections because they activate an innate immune response,
known as the first line of defense response. In contrast, immunity is
conferred against certain viruses when a person is infected with it
specifically, because the body produces antibodies specifically geared
towards fighting it. The authors of the Perspective piece suggest that
activating the first line of defense via the oral vaccine may be all
some people need to ward off COVID-19 infections. They note also that
recent research has shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can suppress the
innate immune response in patients with more serious symptoms.
The authors suggest the oral vaccine as opposed to the injectable
kind be tested because the injectable vaccine does not activate an
innate immune response, and because it is already licensed for use in
the United States, the country that has thus far been hit hardest by the
pandemic. They acknowledge that there is some small risk of using the
oral vaccine, as it has been found to generate circulating
vaccine-derived polioviruses, a type of polio that is vaccine derived in
a very small number of people, mostly children with compromised or
underdeveloped immune systems. But they suggest that if it does prove to
ward off coronavirus infections, the good that could come from its use
would far outweigh the bad.
More information: Konstantin Chumakov et al. Can existing live vaccines prevent COVID-19?, Science (2020). DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4262
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-06-oral-polio-vaccine-sars-cov-.html
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