COVID-19 deaths detected in systematic post-mortem surveillance study in Africa

  

View ORCID ProfileLawrence Mwananyanda,  View ORCID ProfileChristopher J. Gill, William MacLeod,  View ORCID ProfileGeoffrey Kwenda,  View ORCID ProfileRachel Pieciak, Zachariah Mupila, Francis Mupeta, Leah Forman, Luunga Ziko,  View ORCID ProfileLauren Etter,  View ORCID ProfileDonald Thea

doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.22.20248327

This article is a preprint and has not been peer-reviewed [what does this mean?]. It reports new medical research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice.

PDF: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.20248327v1.full.pdf

ABSTRACT

Objectives Limited SARS CoV 2 testing in many African countries has constrained availability of data on the impact of COVID-19 (CV19). To address this gap, we conducted a systematic post-mortem surveillance study to directly measure the fatal impact of CV19 in an urban African population.

Design We enrolled deceased individuals at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) Morgue in Lusaka, Zambia. We obtained nasopharyngeal swabs for testing via reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) against the SARS-2 Coronavirus. We stratified deaths by CV19 status, by location, age, sex, and underlying risk factors.

Setting UTH is Zambia’s largest tertiary care referral hospital and its morgue registers ∼80% of Lusaka’s deaths.

Participants Participants of all ages were enrolled if within 48 hours of death and if the next of kin or representative provided written informed consent.

Results We enrolled 372 participants between June and September 2020, and had PCR results for 364 (99.5%). CV19 was detected in 70/364 (19.2%). The median age for CV19+ deaths was 48 years (IQR 36-72 years) and 70% were male. Most CV19+ deaths (51/70, 72.8%) occurred in the community; none had been tested for CV19 antemortem. Among the 19/70 facility deaths, six were tested antemortem. Among the 52/70 CV19 deaths with symptoms data, 44/52 had typical symptoms of CV19 (cough, fever, shortness of breath), of whom only five were tested antemortem. We identified CV19 among seven children; only one had been tested antemortem. The proportion of CV19+ deaths increased with age, but 75.7% of CV19+ deaths were aged <60 years. The five most common co-morbidities among CV19+ deaths were: tuberculosis (31.4%); hypertension (27.1%); HIV/AIDS (22.9%); alcohol use (17.1%); and diabetes (12.9%).

Conclusions Contrary to expectations, CV19+ deaths were common in Lusaka. The majority occurred in the community where testing capacity is lacking. Yet few who died at facilities were tested, despite presenting with typical symptoms of CV19. Therefore, CV19 cases were under reported because testing was rarely done, not because CV19 was rare. If our data are generalizable, the impact of CV19 in Africa has been vastly underestimated.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.22.20248327v1