Vitamin D Supplementation May Present Better Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19

 Mustafa Sait Gönen 1, Merve Alaylıoğlu 2, Emre Durcan 1, Yusuf Özdemir 3, Serdar Şahin 1, Dildar Konukoğlu 4, Okan Kadir Nohut 5, Seval Ürkmez 6, Berna Küçükece 7, İlker İnanç Balkan 3, H Volkan Kara 8, Şermin Börekçi 9, Hande Özkaya 1, Zekayi Kutlubay 10, Yalım Dikmen 6, Yılmaz Keskindemirci 11 12, Spyridon N Karras 13, Cedric Annweiler 14 15, Duygu Gezen-Ak 2, Erdinç Dursun 2 16

• DOI: 10.3390/nu13114047

Abstract

Background: We aimed to establish an acute treatment protocol to increase serum vitamin D, evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D3 supplementation, and reveal the potential mechanisms in COVID-19.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 867 COVID-19 cases. Then, a prospective study was conducted, including 23 healthy individuals and 210 cases. A total of 163 cases had vitamin D supplementation, and 95 were followed for 14 days. Clinical outcomes, routine blood biomarkers, serum levels of vitamin D metabolism, and action mechanism-related parameters were evaluated.

Results: Our treatment protocol increased the serum 25OHD levels significantly to above 30 ng/mL within two weeks. COVID-19 cases (no comorbidities, no vitamin D treatment, 25OHD <30 ng/mL) had 1.9-fold increased risk of having hospitalization longer than 8 days compared with the cases with comorbidities and vitamin D treatment. Having vitamin D treatment decreased the mortality rate by 2.14 times. The correlation analysis of specific serum biomarkers with 25OHD indicated that the vitamin D action in COVID-19 might involve regulation of INOS1, IL1B, IFNg, cathelicidin-LL37, and ICAM1.

Conclusions: Vitamin D treatment shortened hospital stay and decreased mortality in COVID-19 cases, even in the existence of comorbidities. Vitamin D supplementation is effective on various target parameters; therefore, it is essential for COVID-19 treatment.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836309/