Poor antibody response to BioNTech/Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 naïve residents of nursing homes

 Pieter Pannus, Kristof Y Neven, Stéphane De Craeye, Leo Heyndrickx, Sara Vande Kerckhove, Daphnée Georges, Johan Michiels, Antoine Francotte, Marc Van Den Bulcke, Maan Zrein, Steven Van Gucht, Marie-Noëlle Schmickler, Mathieu Verbrugghe, André Matagne, Isabelle Thomas, Katelijne Dierick, Joshua A. Weiner, Margaret E. Ackerman, Stanislas Goriely, Maria E Goossens, Kevin K. Ariën, Isabelle Desombere, Arnaud Marchant

doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.08.21258366

This article is a preprint and has not been certified by peer review [what does this mean?]. It reports new medical research that has yet to be evaluated and so should not be used to guide clinical practice.

PDF: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.21258366v1.full.pdf

Abstract

Background Residents of nursing homes (NH) are at high risk of COVID-19 related morbidity and death and may respond poorly to vaccination because of old age and frequent comorbidities.

Methods Forty residents and forty staff members either naïve or previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 were recruited in two NH in Belgium before immunization with two doses of 30µg BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine at day 0 and day 21. Binding antibodies (Ab) to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD), spike domains S1 and S2, RBD Ab avidity, and neutralizing Ab against SARS-CoV-2 wild type and B.1.351 variant were assessed at days 0, 21, 28, and 49.

Results SARS-CoV-2 naïve residents had lower Ab responses to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination than naïve staff. These poor responses involved lower levels of IgG to all domains of the vaccine antigen, lower avidity of RBD IgG, and lower levels of Ab neutralizing the vaccine strain. No naïve resident had detectable neutralizing Ab to the B.1.351 variant. High and comparable Ab responses were observed in residents and staff previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Clustering analysis revealed that poor vaccine responders not only included naïve residents but also naïve staff, emphasizing the heterogeneity of responses to mRNA vaccination in the general population.

Conclusions The poor Ab responses to mRNA vaccination observed in infection naïve residents and in some naïve staff members of NH suggest suboptimal protection against breakthrough infection, especially with variants of concern. Adapted vaccination regimens may be needed to provide optimal protection against COVID-19 to vulnerable populations.

Summary Poor antibody responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination were observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection naïve residents and some naïve staff members of nursing homes. This suggests suboptimal protection against breakthrough infection, especially with variants of concern, and the need for adapted vaccination regimens.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Clinical Trial

NCT04527614

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the Belgian Federal Government [COVID-19_SC004, COVID-19_SC049, COVID-19_SC059]; the European Regional Development Fund of the Walloon Region (Wallonia-Biomed portfolio) [411132-957270]; and the Flemish Research Foundation [grant number FWO-G0G4220N to K. K. A.].

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.08.21258366v1